Sites of action of opioids for pain relief include the brain (cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, locus coeruleus, amygdala, and periaqueductal gray matter), spinal cord, and peripheral-nerve membrane.
Placebo analgesia is mediated by both opioid and nonopioid mechanisms, but so far nothing is known about the nonopioid component. Here we show that the specific CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist ...
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