Although it is common knowledge that their efficiency is poor, Peltier thermoelectric elements are considered the most versatile cooling elements; they are used in a wide range of applications, such ...

At the core of any modern industrial process is a control system guaranteeing precision, stability, and efficiency. Perhaps the most commonly used are PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) ...

Self-regulating systems with feedback loops, i.e., the routing back of the output of a system to its input, have existed since antiquity and have since become an integral part of modern technology.