Ryan Mayfield led an informative discussion on the history of the NEC PV Hazard Control System rules and the latest changes to the UL 3741 standard.

US industry experts trace the evolution of PV rapid shutdown rules and outline how recent updates to UL 3741 are reshaping compliance pathways for rooftop and commercial solar in the United States.

A group of researchers from China's Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture has conceived a new control strategy for variable water temperature and variable flow in PV-driven heat ...

A utility-scale solar plant in China’s Shandong Province faced operational challenges due to its early construction, complex terrain and difficult maintenance conditions. Numerous tracker controller ...

Article 690 covers solar installations, except large-scale ones (those are covered in Article 691) [Sec. 690.1], as shown in Fig. 1. There are three important definitions: “Photovoltaic (PV) system” ...

Maximising the performance of tracked bifacial PV requires optimisation of technical and financial factors. Image: Nextracker PV systems combining bifacial and tracker technologies deliver the ...

The advent of offshore solar power systems heightens the need to secure greater efficiency and performance for this floating ...

What is the PV-Pushback-Effect? How can solar day lamps (SDLs) take advantage of this effect? Solar day lamps (SDLs) are made by simply connecting an LED array to a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel. SDLs ...

Part II of Art. 690 provides the circuit requirements for PV systems. The first requirement it covers is the maximum PV system direct-current (DC) circuit voltage. This value is used when selecting ...