Introduction A reliable water supply is one of the most essential parts of any home’s infrastructure, yet it is often taken ...

Water supply and wastewater treatment systems are critical infrastructure that directly impact public health and economic development 1. Current municipal water supplies typically use a centralized ...

Municipal drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) and associated premise plumbing (PP) systems are vulnerable to proliferation of opportunistic pathogens, even when chemical disinfection residuals ...