Purpose: To design a diagrammatic record of lacrimal disease using easily interpretable symbols. Methods: This diagrammatic record was developed from existing models. A simple outline for the eyelids, ...

Clinical tests for testing tear drainage are as follows: Dilatation & Irrigation (syringing), Johne’s dye test, Schirmer’s test, dacryocystogram and lacrimal scintillogram. The eye doctor will ask ...

The lacrimal drainage system is made up of a succession of rivers, holes and lakes. First are the palpebral rivers, which run along the palpebral margins. These superficial rivers end at the inner ...

Flow symptoms with FNLDO vary in severity both between patients and also within a single patient under different circumstances. Flow symptoms arise from a mismatch of production and clearance, this ...

The term functional nasolacrimal duct obstruction (FNLDO; watering with patent drainage) is misleading as it implies occluded drainage and solely nasolacrimal duct pathology. 'Normal' tear dynamics ...

Excess tearing may cause a sensation of watery eyes or result in tears falling down the cheek. Obstruction of tear drainage path can lead to stasis and is also a reason for watery eyes. Lacrimation is ...