Circuit Working The following details can help one understand how the circuit operates: The arrangement of transistors T1 through T4 allows them to perceive a steady increase in the input voltage and to conduct sequentially as the voltage climbs and vice versa. IC 4093's gates N1 through N4 are set up as buffers. These gates are used to receive their inputs from the transistors' outputs. Because of the manner in which the gates are coupled to one another, depending on the input voltage threshold